回答:
フラグメント化できるのはIPv6ホストのみです(RFC 2460-IPv6仕様、セクション4.5を参照):
4.5 Fragment Header
The Fragment header is used by an IPv6 source to send a packet larger
than would fit in the path MTU to its destination. (Note: unlike
IPv4, fragmentation in IPv6 is performed only by source nodes, not by
routers along a packet's delivery path -- see section 5.
IPv4ホストはオプションでフラグメント化する場合があり(RFC 1122-インターネットホストの要件、セクション3.3.3を参照)、IPv4ルーターはフラグメント化を実行する必要があります。
RFC 1122の引用-インターネットホストの要件、セクション3.3.3:
3.3.3 Fragmentation
Optionally, the IP layer MAY implement a mechanism to fragment
outgoing datagrams intentionally.
RFC 1812の引用-IPルーターの要件、セクション4.2.2.7
4.2.2.7 Fragmentation: RFC 791 Section 3.2
Fragmentation, as described in [INTERNET:1], MUST be supported by a
router.
例:
ホストがどのように断片化するかを説明するのはかなり簡単です...たとえば、非常に大きなpingサイズ(> 1500バイト)のインターネットホストにpingを実行します...
ターミナル1で:
[mpenning@Bucksnort ~]$ ping -c 1 -s 65507 4.2.2.2
ターミナル2:
[mpenning@Bucksnort ~]$ sudo tshark -n -i eth0 icmp
1 0.000000 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=0)
2 0.000058 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=1480)
3 0.000071 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=2960)
4 0.000081 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=4440)
5 0.000094 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=5920)
6 0.000105 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=7400)
7 0.000116 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=8880)
8 0.000124 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=10360)
9 0.000133 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=11840)
10 0.000143 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=13320)
11 0.000152 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=14800)
12 0.000162 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=16280)
13 0.000172 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=17760)
14 0.000181 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=19240)
15 0.000191 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=20720)
16 0.000201 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=22200)
17 0.000211 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=23680)
18 0.000221 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=25160)
19 0.000230 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=26640)
20 0.000240 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=28120)
21 0.000250 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=29600)
22 0.000259 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=31080)
23 0.000269 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=32560)
24 0.000278 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=34040)
25 0.000288 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=35520)
26 0.000298 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=37000)
27 0.000308 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=38480)
28 0.000318 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=39960)
29 0.000327 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=41440)
30 0.000337 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=42920)
31 0.000352 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=44400)
32 0.000361 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=45880)
33 0.000372 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=47360)
34 0.000384 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=48840)
35 0.000394 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=50320)
36 0.000403 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=51800)
37 0.000411 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=53280)
38 0.000419 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=54760)
39 0.000428 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=56240)
40 0.000437 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=57720)
41 0.000446 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=59200)
42 0.000455 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=60680)
43 0.000466 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=62160)
44 0.000477 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=63640)
45 0.000486 192.0.2.3 -> 4.2.2.2 ICMP Echo (ping) request
46 0.044402 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=0)
47 0.044439 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=1480)
48 0.044899 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=2960)
49 0.044910 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=4440)
50 0.044916 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=5920)
51 0.045149 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=7400)
52 0.045399 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=8880)
53 0.045409 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=10360)
54 0.045415 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=11840)
55 0.045649 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=13320)
56 0.045899 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=14800)
57 0.045908 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=16280)
58 0.045915 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=17760)
59 0.046148 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=19240)
60 0.046163 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=20720)
61 0.046402 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=22200)
62 0.046421 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=23680)
63 0.046650 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=25160)
64 0.046668 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=26640)
65 0.046901 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=28120)
66 0.046918 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=29600)
67 0.047151 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=31080)
68 0.047171 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=32560)
69 0.047399 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=34040)
70 0.047418 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=35520)
71 0.047424 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=37000)
72 0.047650 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=38480)
73 0.047900 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=39960)
74 0.048149 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=41440)
75 0.048165 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=42920)
76 0.048172 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=44400)
77 0.048178 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=45880)
78 0.048398 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=47360)
79 0.048650 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=48840)
80 0.048667 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=50320)
81 0.048674 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=51800)
82 0.048900 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=53280)
83 0.048922 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=54760)
84 0.049150 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=56240)
85 0.049174 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=57720)
86 0.049398 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=59200)
87 0.049649 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=60680)
88 0.049671 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=62160)
89 0.049677 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 IP Fragmented IP protocol (proto=ICMP 0x01,
off=63640)
90 0.049683 4.2.2.2 -> 192.0.2.3 ICMP Echo (ping) reply