Octave, 88 87 bytes
Thanks to MattWH for saving a byte (f(x)-48 vs f(x)-'0')
@(n,m,f=@num2str,a=n:m)a(a==cell2mat(arrayfun(@(x){sum((f(x)-48).^(1:nnz(f(x))))},a)))
To run:
>> f=@(n,m,f=@num2str,a=n:m)a(a==cell2mat(arrayfun(@(x){sum((f(x)-'0').^(1:nnz(f(x))))},a))) 
>> f(0,1000)
ans = 
      1     2     3     4     5     6     7     8     9    89   135   175   518   598
Explanation
@(n,m,                                              % Create an anonymous function and pass it n and m as paramteres
    f=@num2str,                                     % Will be using the num2str mehtod twice, set the variable f to the handle to save on bytes
        a=n:m)                                      % Create a vector 'a' and populate it with the numbers n through m
            a(a==                                   % Logically index into a, where the values of a match Disarium numbers
                cell2mat(                           % Convert the cell array returned by arrayfun into a matrix, so we can use it in the logical index
                    arrayfun(@(x){                  % Call the following function on every element of a, using the index named 'x'
                        sum(                        % Sum the matrix that results from the following computation
                            (f(x)-'0')              % Convert the value at index x into a string, then break it into a matrix by subtracting the string '0'.
                                                    % This results in the matrix [1 3 5] for the number 135.
                                .^                  % Compute the element-wise power with the following matrix
                                    (1:nnz(f(x)))   % Create a matrix with the range 1 to the length of the number at index x. This results in the matrix 
                                                    % [1 2 3] for the number 135.
                        )                           % Closes the sum statement
                    },a)                            % Closes the arrayfun statement, passing the matrix a to be operated on
                )
            )